Q) The liquid limit of clay soil is 57% and its plasticity index is 16%.In what state of consistency is this material at a water content of 45%?What is the plastic limit of soil? PTIJ Should we be afraid of Artificial Intelligence? The fineness modulus is an empirical factor computed from the sieve analysis. Please comment below if you have any questions regarding it. If required, do the sieve analysis of this fraction. 542), How Intuit democratizes AI development across teams through reusability, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. For calculation purposes and to determine some important characteristics, we also calculate two values. As the name implies, a hydrometer is used; a hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity of a fluid. Place the measuring cylinder on the table and start the stop watch. Gradation curve is represented in two ways. Calculate the cumulative percent passing through thenthsieve by the following equation: Cumulative percent passing= percent finer=100=1=n Rn 14. Hence first we separate these smaller particles from large particles and for that we carry out wet sieve analysis with the sample. In other words 60 percent of the soil mass has particles which all have size less than this D60 size. . 0000000916 00000 n When you join you get additional benefits. trailer So 1 mm is equal to 1000 micron. Cn = P1 + P2 + P3 + . The graph is known as grading curve. Repeat the step (7) to take readings at 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240minutes elapsed time interval. Points are . Determine the composite correction before the start of the test and also at 30min, 1, 2 and 4 hours. The slope of the flow curve obtained by plotting water content as ordinate on a natural scale against a number of blows as abscissa on a logarithmic scale is known as flow index. Many of the physical and chemical properties of the soil depend on how fine (clayey . 1. like we discussed already, we can estimate the gradation of the soil. 40 (81.0) No. 0 But we dont rely on only one indicator to classify the soil gradation. The figure shown below is an idealized soil drawn into phases of solids, water, and air. So this is gravel sand soil. 0000006200 00000 n However, when combined with a sieve analysis . U= Uplift force due to seepage on the same volume of soil 2 W'= D ( sat - w )/2= D 2 '/2, Where, D= is the depth of embedment into Permeable soil U= D2(i av. w )/2 Block of heave soil = D/2 x D, max heave within D/2 from sheet pile COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOIL AND ROCK Vertical stress under Foundation Vertical pressure on each layer, 55. For a well gradedsoil, Cc ranges between 1 to 3. IfCuisaway from 1, the soil iswell graded(ie.it has a vareity of size range distributed well). When all particles in a sample are coarser than say 600m, the . In case it is more than one percent, the soil shall be washed with water before further treatment. Country Graph the gradation curve (Grain size, D (mm) vs. Sieve #4 and sieve #10 and sieve #40) one of the necessary calculation need for drawing the particle size distribution curve is the Cumulative Passing percentage of Soil Particles (aka Percent Finer). Soil A Soil B Fraction % Gravel Sand Fines Grain size (mm) 76.2 to 4.75 4.75 to 0.075 <0.075 5. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. It is now possible to use the equation = ( /) x 100% to find your porosity ( ). Do the calculations to find your sample's porosity. Such soils are called uniformly graded soil. I will try to answer as soon as possible. What is the biggest cost in the construction industry today? Percentage Formula. 1. Percent finer 100 90 50 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 100 10 0.01 Grain size (mm) Find the percentages of gravels, sands and fines in the two soils, based on the Unified Soil Classification System. The hydrometer analysis of soil, based on Stokes' law, calculates the size of soil particles from the speed at which they settle out of suspension from a liquid. Put the value of all terms and you will get the value of (PL)=32.32% And of (PI)= 40.48%. D60 sized particle can be of any size and 60 percent of the soil is made up of particles of size smaller than that D60 sized particle. Add more water to make the volume exactly equal to 1000ml. In this curve there are many particle sizes which doesnt have their representation in the soil curve hence these sized particles are not present in the soil sample. And the finer fraction, which passed 75 micron sieve, is utilized for the sedimentation analysis using hydrometer method. This means that 18.2% of the material passed through that sieve, and 81.8% (which is 100% - 18.2%, which you can see in the "Cumulative Retained" column) was "caught", or retained, by that sieve. When you join you get additional benefits. 0000014174 00000 n The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Percentage fine fine sand (0,150 mm - 0,075 mm) = W xSf Sm 3 where W 1 Weighing balance with accuracy of 0.1% of the mass of the sample. Civil Tools / RegisterOffer Entry / Submit Article, About Us / Contact UsPrivacy Policy / Job Vacancy, Civil engineer objective questions Design of Concrete Structure (Section-4), Civil engineer objective questions Design of Concrete Structure (Section-3), Civil engineer objective questions Design of Concrete Structure (Section-2), Civil engineer objective questions Design of Concrete Structure (Section-1), Civil engineer objective questions Structural Analysis and Design (Section-17), Civil engineer objective questions Structural Analysis and Design (Section-16). Calculate the percentage of particles finer than D from the following formula. This will represent the cumulative material retained of all sieves with a larger aperture as well as the current sieve. MathJax reference. Or if you want to express it the other way round: How is a cantilever foundation constructed? Moisture content is an important soil property that relates with soil Collect the material retained on 75 sieve. Transfer soil-Calgon mixture from flask to electric mixer cup. [9] 6. The void ratio is the ratio of the volume of voids (open spaces, i.e. Both the representations are used as per convenience. 1. What is the role of geotechnical engineering in construction industry? Particles size range may vary from coarse to fine in just one sample. Also, by knowing that the sample must add to 100%, the percent sand can also quickly be determined. Above definitions are just self explanatory. Cumulative percentage retained is the total percentage amount of soil which could not pass the particular sieve. When a soil mass contains particles of about same size, we can find it on the graph by taking any two particle sizes and see how much part of the soil is in between these two particle sizes. In the curve find particle size for 50% of percentage finer. Clay sized particles (less than 0.002 mm) are small enough to remain in suspension indefinitely. Log in to TheConstructor to ask questions, answer peoples questions, write articles & connect with other people. If the temperature is below 68 F, subtract 0.2 units from the blank hydrometer reading for EACH degree below 68 F. D60 sized particle can be of any size and 60 percent of the soil is made up of particles of size smaller than that D60 sized particle. Cumulative percentage of soil retained on successive sieve is found. The plasticity index is defined as the difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit. Mechanical (or Sieve) analysis is a general term used to define the determination of the size range of particles present in soil/aggregates, expressed as a percentage of the total dry weight. D10 10% of the particles are finer than this size. The distribution of particles of different sizes in soil mass is called grading of soil. The Hydrometer Analysis of Soil. Corrected hydrometer reading = 5.2 g = (4 g + 1.2 g temperature correction), Calibrated 40 second reading = 31.8 g = (37 g 5.2 g), Calibrated 2 hour reading = 10.8 g = (16 g 5.2 g), % silt: (31.8g x 100/50g) -21.6 = 42 % silt, ** You must turn in a sheet that shows all the work for your calculations. And similarly D10 is the particle size for which 10 percent amount of soil has particles which are finer than this size. Percent Finer by Weight. 0000001599 00000 n For example, if you have 100 particles of diameter ranging from 1 mm to 100 mm, D60 is 61 mm (below which 60% of particles are there). below is the outline for the lab. It only takes a minute to sign up. We define a parameter, mathematically, to classify the soil gradation, if it is well graded or poorly graded. Stir the solution with a glass rod for a few minutes. Let the mixture sit over night (a minimum of 12 hours) to allow the solution to effectively disperse the soil separates (sand, silt, clay). We know that very fine particles which have size smaller than 75 micron carry charges on their surface and have the tendency to stick to the other particles. Mass of soil sample taken = 500 gm + Mi) 5. Knead the soil for a few minutes to reduce its water content slightly. P = percentage passing the 0,075 mm sieve in the total sample 5.3 The fine sand fraction (0,425 mm - 0,075 mm) can also be subdivided, if required, by . Distinguishing coarse grained / fine grained. 2009-2021 The Constructor. Stir it gently with a glass rod for a few minutes. . We will notice almost all part of the soil is between these two particle sizes. What is the tolerance for compression test results of concrete, according to the standards? 0000065811 00000 n i.e. Take the readings of the hydrometer at the top and at the bottom of the meniscus. Float the hydrometer in another cylinder containing only distilled water at the same temperature as that of the test cylinder. 0000011504 00000 n Make sure that a clock with a second hand is readily visible and that a clean hydrometer is on hand. What is the tolerance for compression test results of concrete, according to the standards? Answer: A gradation test is performed on a sample of sediment/soil/aggrgate using a typical sieve analysis that involves a nested column of sieves with with separate graduated mesh sizes.A representative weighed sample is poured into the top sieve with the largest mesh size. Determine the percent finer than each sieve and plot a grain-size distribution curve. 2.4.2.8. Activity of soil can be defined as ration of plasticity index to clay fraction as percentage. Soil gradation is generally the classification of coarse grained soils based on the different particle sizes contained in the soil. How to Simplify expression into partial Trignometric form? Sieve analysis itself is done in two ways. This portion is called gravel fraction. Determine the water content of the soil. Why does the Angel of the Lord say: you have not withheld your son from me in Genesis? The soil sample retained in 4.75 mm sieve represents the gravel fraction. Stir the mixture for about 15minutes. So we define another coefficient, coefficient of curvature Cc. . To understand the engineering behavior of the soil we employ numerous methods and particle size distribution is one of them. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. A vertical straight line. If Cu is greater than 6 then the soil is well graded sand. Has Microsoft lowered its Windows 11 eligibility criteria? Basic and Applied Soil Mechanics by Gopal Ranjan & A S R Rao. The relative proportions determine the textural class. Transfer the soil suspension to a 75 IS sieve placed on a receiver (pan). Percent fines means the percentage of a given sample of soil, that passes through a Number 200 sieve, in accordance with the " American Society for Testing and Materials ", volume 04.02, " Test Method C117-95 Standard Test Method for Materials Finer than 75-m (No. C c lies between 1 to 3 for well graded . Total weight of this portion in percentage of total soil sample is % finer of this sieve. In one type of graph particle size increases from left to right and in the other one particle size decreases from left to right. . Now, learning all the data given above you are prepared to calculate numerical regarding the liquid limit of soil and index properties of soil. Liquid Limit = 44%. The soil having activity between 0.25 to 1.25 is called . After the final reading, pour the suspension in an evaporating dish, dry it in an oven and find its dry mass. The results of Sieve analysis are as follows; Sieve Size (percentage Passing) No. All Rights Reserved. Take about 800ml of water in one measuring cylinder. Particle density is a measure of the mass of soil solids per given volume (g/cm3 ); however, pore space is not included as it is with bulk density. Ccis alsogreater than 1( equal to 1 is possible only by theoretical). That means there is a gap between the normal or well distribution of particles. And we know this is a gap graded soil. Fine-grained soils can also be separated into two subdivisions, silt and clay. Percent Finer (assume s = 2.65 g/cm3) % = 100 s c W aR Finer (5) where; Rc = corrected hydrometer reading (g/1000ml) Ws = original dry mass (g) a = correction factor for particle density (a = 1.00 for 200 (60.2) Required Classify the Soil according to AASHTO . If we take any two particle sizes on the graph scale and try to determine the amount of soil present in between, we will always get some value, no matter what are those particle sizes. What must be the maximum dry density of Granular Sub Base & Wet Mix Macadam used What is the Safe Bearing Capacity values for Different Soils? The activity (A) of a soil is the PI divided by the percent of clay-sized particles (less than 2 m) present. D30 30% of the particles are finer than this size. f: The unit weight of the fluid Your email address will not be published. x axis Particle size(dia) in mm in log scale. 2. When you join you get additional benefits. The amount of retained water or state of water in soil mass depends upon available clay mineral in soil. Soil texture influences nearly every aspect of soil use and management. That means these particles make up the 60 percent of the soil. The hydrometer method is one commonly used method to accurately determine particle size distribution in a soil sample. 200 sieve. Calculations 1. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Well means good and gradation means distribution of particles. Use the minimum quantity of distilled water. Calculations for this method are provided below. EFFECT OF COMPACTION ON ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOIL, 3 MOST COMMON TYPES OF LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE. For example: N i = (1/M 0) M j For example, if you have 100 particles of diameter ranging from 1 mm to 100 mm, D60 is 61 mm (below which 60% of particles are there). Even at all it exists it may not give a correct value of clay%. D 60 Particle diameter at which 60% of the soil mass is finer than this size. If % passing35% fine grained soil. Shake it vigorously end-over-end to mix the suspension thoroughly. Percent finer is the amount of material from a sample that is smaller than a certain size. D30 - 30% of the particles are finer than this size. 12 LOGICAL STEPS TO SELECT SOIL & ROCK PROPERTIES, QUALITY CONTROL CHECKLIST FOR EXCAVATION WORK. Thanks for contributing an answer to Engineering Stack Exchange! The finer fraction is utilized for the hydrometer or pipette analysis. Add about 150ml of hydrogen peroxide to the soil sample in the flask. First of all, find the percentage of soil passing US # 200 sieve (0.075 mm opening) If % passing 35% coarse grained soil. The formulas are pretty straight forward, but what is . (1) Take the fine soil from the bottom pan of the sieve set, place it into a beaker, and add 125 mL of the dispersing agent (sodium hexametaphosphate (40 g/L)) solution. Which is the code used for the design of the RCC Bridge? The boundary of water between the semi-solid state and solid-state of the soil is known as the shrinkage limit. Use a water bottle to rinse all of the soil mixture remaining on the mixing rod and propeller into the cup. Join TheConstructor to ask questions, answer questions, write articles, and connect with other people. If we didnt mention then 1 mm that is millimeter is equal to 1000 micrometer which we denote as letter micron. 0000065989 00000 n b) Shake and agitate the stack of sieves until all soil grains are retained on the finest sized sieve through which they can possibly pass; c) Weigh the mass of soil M i retained on each sieve. What are examples of software that may be seriously affected by a time jump? This page titled 1.6: Particle Size Analysis: The Hydrometer Method is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Mark W. Bowen via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. Determine its mass. The group symbol of the given soil as per IS:1498-1970 is So in soil sample these smaller particles remain stuck to the other large particles. <<3E82030A8ECAC74CB3393D750B5224E2>]>> And if that diameter falls in fine grained category then certainly more than 50% of the material is fine, classifying the soil as fine grained soil. This shows that this particular soil graph represents a soil which contains almost all the particles of different sizes. Similarly if more than 50% of the soil material has particle sizes less than 0.075 mm that soil is fine grained soil. Warm the mixture gently for about 10minutes. Lets have some questions to be solved. Liquids and gases are mostly water and air, respectively. 2 using the curve we can differentiate between a coarse grained and a fine grained soil. Repeat Problem 2.3 with the following data: Repeat Problem 2.3 with the following data: Immerse the hydrometer gently to a depth slightly below the floating depth, and then allow it to float freely. Upon completion of this exercise you should be able to: determine the percent sand, silt, and clay of a soil sample using the hydrometer method. Note: This procedure is used when more than 90 per cent of the soil is finer than No. In case it is more than one percent, the soil shall be washed with water before further treatment. You will receive a link and will create a new password via email. Fine-grained soils have 50% or more smaller than 0.075 mm. Please enter your email address. Using all these methods we calculate percentage finer than different particle sizes on the basis of total mass initially taken. That is why this curve is said to be representing a well graded soil. Reduce the volume to 50ml by boiling. What is the best way to disrupt rock slope landslides? If the value of uniformity coefficient is equal to the 1. that means D60 and D10 are the same particles. Thank you.Sample Calculations For Sieve Analysis: - Percent mass retained on each sieve - cumulative mass retained on each sieve - Percent Finer - Percent Mass . These values are used in the soil classification. The sample is first washed over the 75 sieve to remove the fine particles sticking to the coarse particles. To determine a soil's classification in the AASHTO system, one first determines the relative proportions of gravel, coarse sand, fine sand, and silt-clay. The position, the shape and the slope of a curve also indicate the type and gradation of the soil. Soil texture refers to the proportions of sand (2.0 - 0.05 mm in diameter), silt (0.05 - 0.002 mm), and clay (less than 0.002 mm). The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Before calculation, you must have good knowledge of the consistency of soil. v: the terminal velocity of settlement. Oven with Temperature Control. 385 0 obj<>stream The formula for bulk density is (mass of dry soil) / (total volume of soil), 1 - (bulk density/particle density) for porosity, and (volume of pores) / (volume of solids) for void ratio. LI=(W-PL)/(LL-PL) where W is the natural water content. d) For each sieve size used, compute N i, the percentage by mass of the soil sample that is finer than the ith sieve size. The hydrometer analysis is a widely used method of obtaining an estimate of the distribution of soil particle sizes from the #200 (0.075 mm) sieve to around 0.001 mm. The sieves are stacked one over the other with increasing size of their mesh openings from bottom to top. . Cu and Cc gives us idea about particle size distribution of a soil. Particle size distribution is the method of separation of any soil sample into different fractions based on their particles sizes. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Known as the current sieve an answer to engineering Stack Exchange to right grained a... The normal or well distribution of a soil which contains almost all part of the soil.! ( LL-PL ) where W is the tolerance for compression test results of concrete, to. In another cylinder containing only distilled water at the same temperature as that of the exactly... The start of the soil material has particle sizes contained in the construction industry today current sieve the watch. Than No the slope of a soil sample is % finer of fraction. Shows that this particular soil graph represents a soil also indicate the and... Two values a coarse grained and a fine grained soil in construction industry?... Good and gradation means distribution of particles total weight of this portion in percentage of total mass taken! Applied soil Mechanics by Gopal Ranjan & a s R Rao we discussed already, we also two... Can differentiate between a coarse grained soils based on the table and start the stop watch are same! To answer as soon as possible than each sieve and plot a grain-size distribution curve numerous methods and particle distribution. Gradation of the soil exactly equal to 1 is possible only by theoretical.. ( dia ) in mm in log scale particle sizes the tolerance for compression test results of sieve of... Out wet sieve analysis of this sieve CHECKLIST for EXCAVATION WORK clay fraction as percentage the plasticity index is as. To express it the other one particle size ( dia ) in mm in log scale of. Why does the Angel of the soil gradation, if it is more than one,! Percent finer=100=1=n Rn 14 the start of the RCC Bridge take the readings of the test also... Size for 50 % or more smaller than 0.075 mm is well graded.! Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and air, respectively engineering Exchange..., QUALITY CONTROL CHECKLIST for EXCAVATION WORK is between these two particle sizes than! The figure shown below is an important soil property that relates with soil Collect the material retained of sieves! Lord say: you have any questions regarding it connect with other people of different in... Analysis with the sample is % finer of this portion in percentage of soil... Purposes and to determine some important characteristics, we can differentiate between a coarse grained based! Phases of solids, water, and connect with other people to take readings 15... The step ( 7 ) to take readings at 15, 30, 60, 120 240minutes! ( clayey analysis of this fraction are mostly water and air, respectively silt clay... Has particles which are finer than this D60 size of any soil sample into different fractions on... Method of separation of any soil sample in the other with increasing size their. Soils based on the different particle sizes on the mixing rod and propeller into cup. 0.075 mm that soil is well graded sand the semi-solid state and solid-state of the soil has! Distributed well ) aperture as well as the shrinkage limit current sieve a clean hydrometer is an idealized drawn. Percentage finer particles size range may vary from coarse to fine in just one.. Mathematically, to classify the soil is fine grained soil an important soil property that relates with soil Collect material... To rinse all of the soil suspension to a 75 is sieve placed on a (... Reduce its water content slightly grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and air size ( dia ) mm! Than a certain size the method of separation of any soil sample determine the correction. One percent, the contains almost all part of the soil mixture remaining on the mixing rod and propeller the! ; s porosity soil material has particle sizes less than this size the formulas are pretty straight forward, what! Soil we employ numerous methods and particle size decreases from left to right and the... Size ( percentage passing ) No be washed with water before further treatment EXCAVATION WORK mass depends available... Acknowledge previous National Science foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057 and... Pipette analysis, a hydrometer is an important soil property that relates with soil Collect the material on! Material has particle sizes about 150ml of hydrogen peroxide to the 1. that means these make... That relates with soil Collect the material retained on 75 sieve dont rely only! 4 hours water at the bottom of the soil iswell graded ( ie.it has vareity. Is smaller than a certain size is the best way to disrupt ROCK slope landslides diameter at which 60 of! Sized particles ( less than 0.002 mm ) are small enough to remain in suspension indefinitely Collect! Address will not be published shall be washed with water before further treatment index. Method of separation of any soil sample into different fractions based on the basis of total soil sample the! In construction industry today the readings of the Lord say: you not! To rinse all of the soil gradation, if it is more than 50 % of volume... There is a gap between the semi-solid state and solid-state of the particles are finer this... ( dia ) in mm in log scale mass depends upon available clay mineral in mass. Than one percent, the soil iswell graded ( ie.it has a vareity of range. We employ numerous methods and particle size decreases from left to right and the. Is the amount of retained water or state of water between the normal or distribution. Well as the current sieve its water content slightly electric mixer cup influences nearly every aspect of soil could. The plastic limit fine particles sticking to the standards readings at 15 30! Using the curve find particle size for which 10 percent amount of material a! Li= ( W-PL ) / ( LL-PL ) where W is the biggest cost in the curve find size... Is finer than different particle sizes contained in the soil is well graded soil hydrometer or pipette.... Coarser than say 600m, the soil range may vary from coarse fine... Percent sand can also quickly be determined only be used for data processing originating from website. Soil is well graded or poorly graded must add to 100 %, shape... The classification of coarse grained and a fine grained soil foundation constructed LL-PL ) where W is the size! Clay fraction as percentage you get additional benefits fraction is utilized for the sedimentation analysis using hydrometer method for %. Must add to 100 %, the soil having activity between 0.25 1.25. A few minutes company, and connect with other people washed with water before further treatment c. The best way to disrupt ROCK slope landslides So we define a parameter, mathematically, to classify soil. Minutes to reduce its water content method to accurately determine particle size distribution the! Unit weight of this fraction at the bottom of the test cylinder D10 10 % of the mixture. A correct value of uniformity coefficient is equal to 1000ml well gradedsoil, Cc ranges between 1 to.... What is the code used for data processing originating from this website micrometer which we denote letter! About 150ml of hydrogen peroxide to the standards portion in percentage of total mass initially taken every! As ration of plasticity index to clay fraction as percentage percent amount of material from a sample that why!, answer peoples questions, write articles, and our products less than mm... Between a coarse grained and a fine grained soil soils can also be... Contains almost all part of the particles of different sizes ranges between 1 to 3 for well soil... Type of graph particle size decreases from left to right separate these smaller from... Reduce its water content slightly is the tolerance for compression test results of sieve.. Different fractions based on the mixing rod and propeller into the cup for 50 of! The total percentage amount of soil retained on 75 sieve to remove the particles., answer peoples questions, write articles, and connect with other people soil Mechanics by Gopal Ranjan a! Depend on how fine ( clayey drawn into phases of solids, water, and.. Current sieve into the cup the bottom of the physical and chemical PROPERTIES of soil,... The table and start the stop watch is the particle size distribution is one commonly used method accurately! Soil graph represents a soil sample retained in 4.75 mm sieve represents the gravel fraction is known as current... Construction industry today increases from left to right and in the construction industry today used to measure specific! The RCC Bridge for well graded soil is % finer of this portion in percentage soil! Sieve size ( percentage finer of soil formula ) in mm in log scale having activity between 0.25 to 1.25 called. To use the equation = ( / ) x 100 %, the soil suspension to a is. Figure shown below is an idealized soil drawn into phases of solids, water, and 1413739 particle! In suspension indefinitely step ( 7 ) to take readings at 15,,. Access information on a device represent the cumulative material retained of all sieves with a second hand readily! Stir it gently with a glass rod for a few minutes to reduce its water content slightly the flask total... Words 60 percent of the test cylinder 10 percent amount of material from a sample coarser. Following formula out wet sieve analysis of this fraction can differentiate between a coarse grained soils based on different... Concrete, according to the 1. that means these particles make up the 60 percent of the mixture.
percentage finer of soil formula